Introduction: The Role of Water in Shaping Urban Sanitation Throughout history, access to water has been a critical determinant of civilization. Before the advent of modern plumbing, waste disposal was largely dependent on dry sanitation methods such as pit latrines, chamber pots, and communal waste collection. Water was a scarce and valuable resource, used primarily … Continue reading The Siphon Toilet: A Historical and Engineering Perspective on Water-Based Sanitation